nkhani

Zithunzi za Graphene

Graphene ndi chinthu chapadera chopangidwa ndi gawo limodzi la maatomu a carbon. Imawonetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe imafika 10⁶ S/m—kuposa 15 kuposa yamkuwa—kupangitsa kuti ikhale yamagetsi yotsika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Deta imasonyezanso kuti madulidwe ake amatha kufika 1515.2 S / cm. Pankhani ya zida za polima, graphene imakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito.

Ikaphatikizidwa ngati chowonjezera chogwira ntchito kwambiri muzinthu za polima, graphene imathandizira kwambiri madulidwe amagetsi komanso kukana kuvala. Kuwonjezera graphene kumawonjezera kusinthika kwazinthu, kumapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pazida zamagetsi, mabatire, ndi mapulogalamu ofanana. Kulimba kwake kwakukulu kumapangitsanso makina opangidwa ndi ma polima, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera magawo ofunikira kwambiri monga mlengalenga ndi kupanga magalimoto.

Zopangira Zapamwamba za Carbon Fiber Composites

Mpweya wa kaboni ndi chinthu chopepuka ngati nthenga koma cholimba ngati chitsulo, chomwe chimakhala ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso mphamvu yake yayikulu, kaboni fiber imapeza ntchito zofunika kwambiri popanga magalimoto komanso ndege.

Popanga magalimoto, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafelemu amthupi komanso kupanga zinthu, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagalimoto onse ndikuchepetsa kulemera komanso kuwongolera mafuta. Muzamlengalenga, imagwira ntchito ngati chida choyenera pamapangidwe a ndege, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka ndege.

Zida Zapamwamba za Semiconductor

M'nthawi yamasiku ano ya kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wazidziwitso, pakufunika kwambiri kukweza kwaukadaulo m'magawo onse. Makampani opanga zamagetsi amawonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu komanso komwe kukukulirakulira kwa zida zogwira ntchito kwambiri za semiconductor. Monga maziko oyambira aukadaulo wamakono wamagetsi, mtundu wa zida za semiconductor umatsimikizira mwachindunji kuthamanga, magwiridwe antchito, komanso magwiridwe antchito a zida zamagetsi.

Pamlingo wocheperako, mawonekedwe monga magetsi, mawonekedwe a kristalo, ndi zonyansa zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zida zamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, zida za semiconductor zokhala ndi chonyamulira chapamwamba zimathandizira kuyenda mwachangu kwa ma elekitironi, kukulitsa kuthamanga kwa ma computa. Ma kristalo oyera amachepetsa kufalikira kwa ma elekitironi, kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito.

Muzochita zogwira ntchito, zida za semiconductor zogwira ntchito kwambiri zimapanga maziko opangira zida zamagetsi zofulumira, zogwira mtima kwambiri monga mafoni a m'manja, mapurosesa apakompyuta, ndi tchipisi tambiri zolumikizirana. Amathandizira kuti miniaturization ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba a zida zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma module ambiri azigwira ntchito kuti agwirizane mkati mwa malo ochepa. Izi zimathandizira kuchitidwa kwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri zowerengera ndi kukonza, kukwaniritsa kufunikira komwe kukukulirakulira kwa kupeza ndi kukonza zidziwitso. Zida za utomoni zokhudzana ndi kupanga semiconductor ziyenera kusamala.

Zida Zosindikizira za 3D

Kuchokera kuzitsulo kupita ku mapulasitiki, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wosindikizira wa 3D kumadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandizira, zinthuzi zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu za polima.

Zida zachitsulo pakusindikiza kwa 3D zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zomwe zimafunikira mphamvu zambiri komanso zolondola, monga magawo a injini muzamlengalenga ndi zoyika zitsulo pazida zamankhwala. Zida zapulasitiki, zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zosavuta kuzikonza, zapeza kugwiritsa ntchito mokulirapo pakusindikiza kwa 3D.

Zida za polima zimapanga gawo lofunikira la zida zosindikizira za 3D, kutsegulira mwayi waukulu waukadaulo. Ma polima apadera okhala ndi biocompatibility yabwino amathandizira kusindikiza kwa ma scaffolds a minofu ya bioengineered. Ma polima ena ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera a kuwala kapena magetsi, amakwaniritsa zofunikira zenizeni. Ma thermoplastics, osungunuka ndi kutentha, amalola kusanjika-ndi-wosanjikiza kuti apange mwachangu mawonekedwe ovuta, kuwapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma prototyping ndi makonda makonda.

Kuthandizira kosiyanasiyana kumeneku kumathandizira ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D kuti usankhe zida zoyenera zopangira potengera zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, kupangitsa kuti zomwe akufuna kuchita zitheke. Kaya ndikusintha magawo azopanga zamafakitale kapena kupanga zida zamankhwala zamunthu payekha pazachipatala, kusindikiza kwa 3D kumagwiritsa ntchito zida zake zambiri kuti zitheke kupanga bwino, zolondola, ndikuyendetsa kusintha kosinthika m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Superconducting Zida

Monga zida zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, ma superconductors amakhala ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri mu sayansi yazinthu, makamaka pamagwiritsidwe okhudzana ndi kufalikira kwamagetsi ndi zochitika zamagetsi. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zida za superconducting ndi kuthekera kwawo kuyendetsa magetsi ndi zero kukana pansi pamikhalidwe inayake. Katunduyu amapatsa ma superconductors omwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito popereka mphamvu.

M'njira zodziwika bwino zotumizira mphamvu, kukana komwe kumachitika mu ma conductor kumabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu monga kutentha. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za superconducting kumalonjeza kusintha izi. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pazingwe zotumizira magetsi, magetsi amadutsa mosadodometsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi iwonongeke. Izi zimathandizira kwambiri kufalitsa mphamvu, zimachepetsa kuwononga mphamvu, komanso zimachepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.

Zida za Superconducting zimagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyendetsa maginito. Masitima apamtunda a Maglev amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za maginito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zida za superconducting kuti zigwirizane ndi maginito omwe ali panjanji, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sitimayo iziyenda mothamanga kwambiri. Katundu wotsutsana ndi zero wa zida za superconducting zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kokhazikika komanso kukonza maginito, kupereka mphamvu zowongolera komanso zowongolera. Izi zimathandiza kuti masitima aziyenda mothamanga kwambiri komanso kuti azigwira bwino ntchito, zomwe zimasinthiratu njira zoyendera.

Chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito zida za superconducting ndizotakata kwambiri. Kupitilira kukhudzidwa kwawo kwakukulu pakufalitsa mphamvu ndi kayendedwe ka maginito, amakhala ndi phindu pazinthu zina monga ukadaulo wa magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pazida zamankhwala ndi ma particle accelerators pakufufuza kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa fizikisi.

Zida za Smart Bionic

Mu gawo lalikulu la sayansi ya zinthu, pali gulu lapadera la zida zomwe zimatsanzira zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe, zomwe zikuwonetsa zinthu zodabwitsa. Zida izi zimakhala ndi zofunika kwambiri mu gawo la zida za polima. Amatha kuyankha kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kudzikonza, komanso kudziyeretsa.

Zida zina zanzeru za polima zili ndi mawonekedwe omwe amatsanzira zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ma polima hydrogel ena amakoka kudzoza kuchokera ku matrix a extracellular omwe amapezeka muzinthu zachilengedwe. Ma hydrogel amenewa amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa chinyezi m'malo awo: chinyezi chikachepa, amalumikizana kuti achepetse kutayika kwa madzi; ndikukulitsa kuti mutenge chinyezi pamene chinyezi chikuwonjezeka, potero kuyankha kutentha kwa chilengedwe.

Pankhani yodzichiritsa yokha, zida zina za polymeric zomwe zimakhala ndi ma bondi apadera amankhwala kapena ma microstructures zimatha kudzikonza zokha zitawonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, ma polima okhala ndi ma covalent bond amatha kukonzanso zomangirazi pansi pamikhalidwe yapadera pomwe ming'alu yapamtunda ikuwonekera, kuchiritsa zowonongeka ndikubwezeretsa kukhulupirika ndi magwiridwe antchito azinthuzo.

Kuti muzidziyeretsa nokha, zida zina za polymeric zimakwaniritsa izi kudzera pamapangidwe apadera apamwamba kapena kusintha kwamankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, zida zokutira za polymeric zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'ono tomwe timafanana ndi masamba a lotus. Izi microstructure zimathandiza m'malovu madzi kupanga mikanda pa zinthu padziko ndi yokulungira kutali mofulumira, imodzi kunyamula fumbi ndi dothi, potero kukwaniritsa kudziyeretsa kwenikweni.

Zinthu Zowonongeka Zowonongeka

M'madera amasiku ano, mavuto a chilengedwe ndi aakulu, ndipo kuwonongeka kosalekeza kukuwopseza zachilengedwe. M'munda wa Material,biodegradable zipangizoapeza chidwi chachikulu monga mayankho okhazikika, akuwonetsa maubwino apadera komanso kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito, makamaka mkati mwazinthu za polymeric.

Pazachipatala, zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka ndi chilengedwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ma sutures omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potseka mabala nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zowola polima. Zidazi zimawonongeka pang'onopang'ono panthawi ya machiritso a chilonda, kuchotsa kufunikira kochotsa ndi kuchepetsa kusapeza kwa odwala komanso kuopsa kwa matenda.

Nthawi yomweyo, ma polima opangidwa ndi biodegradable amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wa minofu ndi machitidwe operekera mankhwala. Amakhala ngati ma scaffolds a ma cell, omwe amapereka chithandizo chothandizira kukula kwa ma cell ndi kukonza minofu. Zinthuzi zimawonongeka pakapita nthawi osasiya zotsalira m'thupi, motero zimapewa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike paumoyo.

M'gawo lazopaka, zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka ndi biodegradable zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Zotengera zachikhalidwe za pulasitiki ndizovuta kuzitsitsa, zomwe zimatsogolera kuipitsidwa koyera kosalekeza. Zinthu zoyikapo zopangidwa kuchokera ku ma polima osawonongeka, monga matumba apulasitiki ndi mabokosi, zimawola pang'onopang'ono kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto kudzera m'malo achilengedwe akagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, zida zolongedza za polylactic acid (PLA) zimapereka zida zabwino zamakina ndi kukonza kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira pakuyika pomwe zikuwonongeka, zomwe zimawapanga kukhala njira ina yabwino.

Nanomaterials

Pakupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yazinthu, ma nanomatadium atuluka ngati malo ofufuzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera komanso kuthekera kosintha zinthu pamlingo wa microscopic. Amakhalanso ndi udindo waukulu m'munda wa zinthu za polima. Poyang'anira zinthu pa nanoscale, zidazi zimawonetsa zinthu zapadera zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupereka ndalama zambiri pazamankhwala, mphamvu, ndi zamagetsi.

Pazachipatala, zida zapadera za nanomatadium zimapereka mwayi watsopano wozindikira matenda ndi chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo, zida zina za nanopolymer zitha kupangidwa ngati magalimoto otumizira mankhwala. Zonyamulirazi zimapereka mankhwala ku maselo odwala, kupititsa patsogolo chithandizo chamankhwala ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yathanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma nanomatadium amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zachipatala - nanoscale different agents, mwachitsanzo, amathandizira kumveketsa bwino kwazithunzi komanso kulondola, kuthandiza madokotala kudziwa bwino matenda.

M'gawo lamagetsi, ma nanomatadium amawonetsanso kuthekera kwakukulu. Tengani ma polymer nanocomposites, mwachitsanzo, omwe amapeza ntchito muukadaulo wa batri. Kuphatikizira ma nanomatadium kumatha kuchulukitsa mphamvu ya batri ndikuwonjezera / kutulutsa bwino, potero kumathandizira magwiridwe antchito onse. Kwa ma cell a solar, ma nanomatadium ena amatha kupititsa patsogolo kuyamwa kwa kuwala ndikusintha bwino, kukulitsa mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya zida za photovoltaic.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nanomatadium kukukulanso mwachangu mumagetsi. Zida za polima za Nanoscale zimathandizira kupanga zida zing'onozing'ono, zapamwamba kwambiri zamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga ma nanotransistors kumalola kuphatikizika kwakukulu komanso kugwira ntchito mwachangu pazida zamagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma nanomatadium amathandizira kupanga zida zamagetsi zosinthika, kukwaniritsa zofuna zomwe zikukula pazida zam'manja komanso zopindika.

Powombetsa mkota

Kupititsa patsogolo kwazinthuzi sikungoyendetsa luso laukadaulo komanso kumapereka mwayi watsopano wothana ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi pazamphamvu, chilengedwe, ndi thanzi.