nkhani

Zinthu Zopangira Graphene

Graphene ndi chinthu chapadera chomwe chimapangidwa ndi gawo limodzi la maatomu a kaboni. Chimaonetsa mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri, kufika pa 10⁶ S/m—kuwirikiza nthawi 15 kuposa mkuwa—zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zochepa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Deta imasonyezanso kuti mphamvu zake zimatha kufika pa 1515.2 S/cm. Pankhani ya zinthu za polima, graphene imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito.

Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera chapamwamba kwambiri mu zinthu za polima, graphene imawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kukana kuwonongeka. Kuwonjezera graphene kumawonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi, kupereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri mu zida zamagetsi, mabatire, ndi ntchito zina zofanana. Mphamvu yake yayikulu imakonzansonso mphamvu zamakanika za zinthu za polima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera m'magawo omwe amafunidwa kwambiri monga kupanga ndege ndi magalimoto.

Ma Composites a Carbon Fiber Ogwira Ntchito Kwambiri

Ulusi wa kaboni ndi chinthu chopepuka ngati nthenga koma cholimba ngati chitsulo, chomwe chili ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri pazinthuzo. Pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kaboni wochepa komanso wamphamvu kwambiri, ulusi wa kaboni umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalimoto komanso m'mlengalenga.

Pakupanga magalimoto, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafelemu a thupi ndi zigawo zina, kulimbitsa mphamvu ya galimoto yonse pamene ikuchepetsa kulemera ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta. Pakupanga ndege, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu choyenera kwambiri pakupanga zinthu za ndege, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito a ndege.

Zipangizo Zapamwamba za Semiconductor

Masiku ano pamene ukadaulo wazidziwitso ukupitilira patsogolo mwachangu, pakufunika kwambiri kukweza ukadaulo m'magawo onse. Makampani opanga zamagetsi akuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu komanso kopitilira kukula kwa zipangizo zamagetsi zogwira ntchito bwino. Monga maziko aukadaulo wamakono wamagetsi, ubwino wa zipangizo zamagetsi umatsimikizira mwachindunji liwiro logwirira ntchito, magwiridwe antchito, ndi magwiridwe antchito a zida zamagetsi.

Pa mulingo wa microscopic, makhalidwe monga mphamvu zamagetsi, kapangidwe ka kristalo, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zida zamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, zipangizo zamagetsi zokhala ndi kayendedwe kabwino ka chonyamulira zimathandiza kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi mwachangu, ndikuwonjezera liwiro la makompyuta. Kapangidwe ka kristalo koyera kamachepetsa kufalikira kwa ma elekitironi, zomwe zimawonjezera magwiridwe antchito.

Mu ntchito zothandiza, zipangizo zamagetsi zogwira ntchito kwambiri izi zimapanga maziko opangira zipangizo zamagetsi zothamanga komanso zogwira mtima monga mafoni a m'manja, mapurosesa apakompyuta, ndi ma chips olumikizirana othamanga kwambiri. Zimathandiza kuti zipangizo zamagetsi zisamagwire ntchito bwino komanso kuti zikhale ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ma module ambiri ogwira ntchito azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ochepa. Izi zimathandiza kuti ntchito zovuta kwambiri zowerengera ndi kukonza zichitike, zomwe zimakwaniritsa kufunikira komwe kukukulirakulira kwa kupeza ndi kukonza chidziwitso. Zipangizo zotsalira zokhudzana ndi kupanga ma semiconductor ziyenera kusamalidwa.

Zipangizo Zosindikizira za 3D

Kuyambira zitsulo mpaka pulasitiki, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D kumadalira chithandizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zipangizozi zimagwira ntchito zambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri m'munda wa zipangizo za polima.

Zipangizo zachitsulo mu kusindikiza kwa 3D zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri komanso kulondola, monga ziwalo za injini mumlengalenga ndi zitsulo zomwe zimayikidwa muzipangizo zachipatala. Zipangizo zapulasitiki, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso zosavuta kuzikonza, zagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kusindikiza kwa 3D.

Zipangizo za polima ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zipangizo zosindikizira za 3D, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi waukulu wa ukadaulo. Ma polima apadera omwe ali ndi kuthekera kogwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zachilengedwe amathandiza kusindikiza ma scaffold a minofu yopangidwa ndi bioengineering. Ma polima ena ali ndi mphamvu zapadera zamagetsi kapena zamagetsi, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake. Ma thermoplastics, omwe amasungunuka kudzera mu kutentha, amalola kuti pakhale mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kuti apange mwachangu mawonekedwe ovuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kusintha momwe munthu akufunira.

Chithandizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyanachi chimapangitsa ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D kusankha zinthu zoyenera kupanga kutengera zosowa zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupanga kukhale koyenera nthawi iliyonse. Kaya posintha zinthu m'mafakitale opanga kapena kupanga zida zachipatala zomwe zimapangidwira anthu ena, kusindikiza kwa 3D kumagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zake zambiri kuti kupange zinthu moyenera komanso molondola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Zipangizo Zoyendetsera Superconducting

Popeza zinthu zili ndi makhalidwe apadera, ma superconductor ali ndi udindo wofunikira kwambiri mu sayansi ya zinthu, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi zochitika zamagetsi. Chinthu chodziwika bwino kwambiri pa zinthu zoyendetsera magetsi ndi kuthekera kwawo kuyendetsa magetsi popanda kukana konse pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapatsa ma superconductor mwayi waukulu wogwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa magetsi.

Mu njira zotumizira mphamvu zachizolowezi, kukana komwe kumachitika mwa ma conductor kumabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a kutentha. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendetsera mphamvu kumalonjeza kusintha mkhalidwewu. Mukagwiritsa ntchito mizere yotumizira mphamvu, mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa mwa iwo popanda choletsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi isatayike konse. Izi zimathandizira kwambiri kuyendetsa bwino kwa ma conductor, zimachepetsa kuwononga mphamvu, komanso zimachepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.

Zipangizo zoyendetsera maginito zimathandizanso kwambiri pa kayendedwe ka maginito. Sitima za Maglev zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamaginito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zoyendetsera maginito kuti zigwirizane ndi mphamvu zamaginito zomwe zili panjira, zomwe zimathandiza sitimayo kuti iyende bwino komanso igwire ntchito mwachangu. Mphamvu ya zipangizo zoyendetsera maginito sizimalimbana ndi chilichonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maginito apangidwe bwino komanso kuti asamaliridwe bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zoyendetsera maginito ziyende bwino komanso moyenera. Izi zimathandiza sitima kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri komanso momasuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira zoyendera zisinthe kwambiri.

Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendetsera magetsi ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Kupatulapo mphamvu zawo zazikulu pakutumiza mphamvu ndi kunyamula maginito, zimakhala ndi phindu m'magawo ena monga ukadaulo wa magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mu zida zachipatala ndi tinthu tomwe timathandizira pa kafukufuku wa fizikisi yamphamvu kwambiri.

Zipangizo Zanzeru za Bionic

Mu gawo lalikulu la sayansi ya zinthu, pali gulu lapadera la zinthu zomwe zimatsanzira kapangidwe ka zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe, zomwe zimasonyeza zinthu zodabwitsa. Zinthuzi ndizofunikira kwambiri mu gawo la zinthu za polima. Zitha kuyankha kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kudzikonza, komanso kudziyeretsa.

Zipangizo zina zanzeru za polima zimakhala ndi makhalidwe omwe amatsanzira kapangidwe ka zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, ma hydrogel ena a polima amapeza mphamvu kuchokera ku matrix yakunja yomwe imapezeka m'maselo a zamoyo. Ma hydrogel amenewa amatha kumva kusintha kwa chinyezi m'malo awo: chinyezi chikachepa, amachepa kuti achepetse kutayika kwa madzi; ndipo amakula kuti atenge chinyezi chinyezi chikawonjezeka, motero amayankha kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'malo ozungulira.

Ponena za kudzichiritsa, zinthu zina za polymeric zomwe zili ndi ma bond apadera a mankhwala kapena ma microstructures zimatha kudzikonza zokha pambuyo poti zawonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, ma polima okhala ndi ma bond amphamvu amatha kukonzanso ma bond awa pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake pamene ming'alu ya pamwamba ikuwonekera, kuchiritsa kuwonongeka ndikubwezeretsa umphumphu ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho.

Kuti zinthu zina zoyeretsera zokha zigwire ntchito, zinthu zina zoyeretsera polymeric zimakwaniritsa izi kudzera mu mapangidwe apadera pamwamba kapena kusintha kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zina zoyeretsera polymeric zimakhala ndi mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono ofanana ndi masamba a lotus. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola madontho amadzi kupanga mikanda pamwamba pa chinthucho ndikugubuduzika mwachangu, nthawi yomweyo kunyamula fumbi ndi dothi, motero zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zidziyeretse zokha.

Zipangizo Zowola

Masiku ano, mavuto azachilengedwe ndi aakulu, ndipo kuipitsa chilengedwe kukuopseza chilengedwe. M'munda wa zinthu,zinthu zowolaapeza chidwi chachikulu ngati njira zokhazikika, zomwe zikuwonetsa ubwino wapadera komanso kufunika kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito, makamaka mkati mwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polima.

Mu zamankhwala, zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka zimakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potseka mabala nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka ndi polima. Zinthuzi zimawonongeka pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi yochira mabala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pasakhale kufunika kochotsa mabala ndikuchepetsa ululu wa wodwalayo komanso chiopsezo cha matenda.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ma polima ovunda amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uinjiniya wa minofu ndi machitidwe operekera mankhwala. Amagwira ntchito ngati ma scaffold a maselo, kupereka chithandizo cha kapangidwe ka maselo kukula ndi kukonzanso minofu. Zinthuzi zimawonongeka pakapita nthawi popanda kusiya zotsalira m'thupi, motero kupewa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa thanzi.

Mu gawo la ma CD, zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma CD apulasitiki achikhalidwe ndi ovuta kuwonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuipitsidwa koyera kosalekeza. Zinthu zopakidwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku ma polima omwe amawonongeka, monga matumba apulasitiki ndi mabokosi, zimawola pang'onopang'ono kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto chifukwa cha zochita za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'malo achilengedwe akagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimachepetsa kuipitsidwa kosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zopakidwa za polylactic acid (PLA) zimapereka mphamvu zabwino zamakanika komanso zokonzera kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zopakidwa pomwe zimakhala zoipitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale njira ina yabwino.

Zinthu zina

Pakupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zinthu, zinthu za nanomaterials zakhala ngati malo ofufuzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo apadera komanso kuthekera kwawo kuyendetsa zinthu pamlingo wa microscopic. Amakhalanso ndi udindo waukulu m'munda wa zinthu za polima. Mwa kuwongolera zinthu pamlingo wa nanoscale, zinthuzi zimasonyeza makhalidwe apadera omwe ali okonzeka kupereka gawo lalikulu mu zamankhwala, mphamvu, ndi zamagetsi.

Mu gawo la zamankhwala, mawonekedwe apadera a nanomaterials amapereka mwayi watsopano wodziwira matenda ndi chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zina za nanopolymer zimatha kupangidwa ngati njira zoperekera mankhwala. Zonyamulirazi zimapereka mankhwala molondola ku maselo odwala, zomwe zimathandizira kuchiritsa bwino komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yathanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, nanomaterials zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zithunzi zachipatala—zosakaniza za nanoscale contrast, mwachitsanzo, zimawonjezera kumveka bwino kwa zithunzi komanso kulondola, kuthandiza madokotala kuzindikira matenda molondola.

Mu gawo la mphamvu, zinthu zina za nanomaterials zimasonyezanso kuthekera kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, ganizirani za nanocomposites za polymer, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wa batri. Kuphatikiza zinthu zina za nanomaterials kungapangitse kuti mphamvu ya batri ikhale yochuluka komanso kuti igwire bwino ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yonse igwire bwino ntchito. Pa maselo a dzuwa, zinthu zina za nanomaterials zimatha kuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa kuwala ndi kusintha kwa kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipangizo za photovoltaic zipange mphamvu zambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamagetsi kukukula mofulumira kwambiri mu zamagetsi. Zipangizo za polima za nanoscale zimathandiza kupanga zida zamagetsi zazing'ono komanso zogwira ntchito bwino. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga ma nanotransistors kumalola kuphatikizana kwakukulu ndikugwira ntchito mwachangu muzipangizo zamagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zamagetsi zimathandiza kupanga zamagetsi zosinthasintha, kukwaniritsa zosowa zomwe zikukulirakulira zazipangizo zamagetsi zonyamulika komanso zopindika.

Powombetsa mkota

Kupititsa patsogolo zinthuzi sikungoyambitsa luso la ukadaulo komanso kumapereka mwayi watsopano wothana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi okhudza mphamvu, chilengedwe, ndi thanzi.