Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi kwa zaka zoposa 50. Poyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale apamwamba monga ndege ndi chitetezo. Pamene ukadaulo ukupitirira kupita patsogolo, zipangizo zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zikuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga zinthu zamasewera, ndege zapagulu, magalimoto, zapamadzi, zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga. Pakadali pano, mtengo wa zipangizo zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana (zonse zopangira ndi zopangira) watsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zaka zam'mbuyomu, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri.
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi ndi utomoni wosakanikirana ndi utomoni wofanana ndi wina. Ngakhale kuti utomoni wofanana ndi utomoni umasankha mawonekedwe omaliza a chinthucho, utomoniwo umagwira ntchito ngati zolimbitsa kuti ulimbikitse chinthucho. Chiŵerengero cha utomoni ndi utomoni chimasiyana malinga ndi mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa chinthucho chomwe chimafunidwa ndi Tier 1 kapena Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM).
Kapangidwe koyambirira konyamula katundu kamafunikira ulusi wambiri poyerekeza ndi matrix ya resin, pomwe kapangidwe kachiwiri kamafunikira kotala la ulusi womwe uli mu matrix ya resin. Izi zimagwira ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri, chiŵerengero cha resin ndi ulusi chimadalira njira yopangira.
Makampani opanga mabwato apamadzi akhala mphamvu yayikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo zinthu zopangidwa ndi thovu. Komabe, nawonso akumana ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito, ndipo kupanga zombo kumachepa ndipo zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo zikukwera. Kuchepa kwa kufunikira kumeneku kungakhale chifukwa cha kusamala kwa ogula, kuchepa kwa mphamvu yogula, komanso kusamutsa zinthu zochepa kuti zigwire ntchito zopindulitsa komanso zofunika kwambiri. Makampani opanga zombo akukonzanso zinthu zawo ndi njira zawo zamabizinesi kuti achepetse kutayika. Panthawiyi, makampani ambiri opanga zombo ang'onoang'ono adakakamizika kuchoka kapena kugulitsidwa chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, osatha kuchita bizinesi yabwinobwino. Kupanga mabwato akuluakulu (>35 mapazi) kudawonongeka, pomwe maboti ang'onoang'ono (<24 mapazi) adakhala malo ofunikira kwambiri opangira.
N’chifukwa chiyani zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito?
Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ubwino wambiri kuposa zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zachikhalidwe, monga matabwa, popanga bwato. Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo monga chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu, zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuchepetsa kulemera kwa gawo ndi 30 mpaka 40 peresenti. Kuchepetsa kulemera konse kumabweretsa zabwino zina, monga kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa kutentha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumachepetsanso kulemera kwambiri pochotsa zomangira kudzera mu kuphatikiza zinthu zina.
Ma composite amapatsanso omanga maboti ufulu waukulu wopanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kupanga zida zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zophatikizika zimakhala ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri zogulira zinthu ngati wina angaziyerekezere ndi zida zopikisana nazo chifukwa cha ndalama zochepa zosamalira komanso ndalama zoyika ndi kupangira chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri komanso kulimba. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ma composite akulandiridwa pakati pa ma OEM a maboti ndi ogulitsa a Tier 1.
Chophatikiza cha m'madzi
Ngakhale kuti pali zofooka za zipangizo zophatikizika, malo ambiri osungiramo zombo ndi ogulitsa Tier 1 akadali otsimikiza kuti zipangizo zambiri zophatikizika zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwato a m'nyanja.
Ngakhale maboti akuluakulu akuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri monga mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni (CFRP), maboti ang'onoang'ono ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi zifunike. Mwachitsanzo, m'mabwato ambiri atsopano ndi ma catamarans, zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, monga ulusi wa kaboni/epoxy ndi polyurethane foam, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma hulls, keels, decks, transoms, rigs, bulkheads, stringers ndi masts, Koma ma superyachts kapena ma catamarans awa amapanga gawo laling'ono la kufunika konse kwa maboti.
Ngakhale kuti pali zofooka za zipangizo zophatikizika, malo ambiri osungiramo zombo ndi ogulitsa Tier 1 akadali otsimikiza kuti zipangizo zambiri zophatikizika zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwato a m'nyanja.
Ngakhale maboti akuluakulu akuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri monga mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni (CFRP), maboti ang'onoang'ono ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi zifunike. Mwachitsanzo, m'mabwato ambiri atsopano ndi ma catamarans, zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, monga ulusi wa kaboni/epoxy ndi polyurethane foam, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma hulls, keels, decks, transoms, rigs, bulkheads, stringers ndi masts, Koma ma superyachts kapena ma catamarans awa amapanga gawo laling'ono la kufunika konse kwa maboti.
Kufunika kwakukulu kwa maboti kumaphatikizapo maboti a injini (omwe ali mkati mwa boti, otuluka m'boti ndi oyendetsedwa kumbuyo), maboti a jet, maboti amadzi achinsinsi ndi maboti oyenda panyanja (ma boti a pamadzi).
Mitengo ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi kaboni idzakwera kwambiri, chifukwa mitengo ya ulusi wagalasi, ma thermosets ndi ma resins a thermoplastic idzakwera ndi mitengo ya mafuta osakonzedwa komanso ndalama zina zolowera. Komabe, mitengo ya ulusi wa kaboni ikuyembekezeka kutsika posachedwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira komanso chitukuko cha zinthu zina zoyambira. Koma zotsatira zake zonse pamitengo ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi kaboni sizidzakhala zazikulu, chifukwa mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni ndi omwe amangofunika gawo laling'ono la zinthu zopangidwa ndi kaboni.
Kumbali ina, ulusi wagalasi ukadali ulusi waukulu wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zam'madzi, ndipo ma polyester osakhuta ndi ma vinyl ester ndi zinthu zazikulu za polima. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ipitilizabe kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika wa thovu.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi wolimbikitsidwa ndi galasi (GFRP) zimaposa 80% ya kufunikira konse kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi wolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa m'nyanja, pomwe zinthu zopangidwa ndi thovu zimakhala 15%. Zina zonse ndi mapulasitiki olimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabwato akuluakulu komanso ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'misika ya niche.
Msika wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi matabwa a m'nyanja womwe ukukula ukuonetsanso chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano komanso ukadaulo. Ogulitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi matabwa a m'nyanja ayamba kufunafuna zatsopano, kuyambitsa ma bio-resin atsopano, ulusi wachilengedwe, ma polyester otsika mpweya, zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chotsika mpweya, ma cores ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi fiberglass. Zonse ndi zokhudza kuwonjezera kubwezeretsanso ndi kukonzanso, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa styrene, komanso kukonza kukonzedwa bwino komanso khalidwe la pamwamba.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-05-2022
